Gender Roles in Alice Munro’s Boys and Girls Essay -- Boys and Girls E

In Alice Munro’s short story â€Å"Boys and Girls,† our narrator is a young farm girl on the verge of puberty who is learning what it means to be a â€Å"girl.† The story shows the differing gender roles of boys and girls – specifically that women are the weaker, more emotional sex – by showing how the adults of the story expect the children to grow into their respective roles as a girl and a boy, and how the children grow up and ultimately begin to fulfill these roles, making the transition from being â€Å"children† to being â€Å"young adults.† The adults in the story expect the children to grow into the gender role that their sex has assigned to them. This is seen in several places throughout the story, such as when the narrator hears her mother talking to her father, â€Å"I heard my mother saying, ‘Wait till Laird gets a little bigger, then you’ll have a real help’†¦. ‘And then I can use her more in the house’† (Munro 495), when her grandmother comes to visit and tells her all the things girls aren’t supposed to do, and when she is roughhousing with her little brother and the farm hand, Henry Bailey, tells her, â€Å"that there Laird’s gonna show you, one of these days† (Munro 497). While the narrator disagrees with the adults, and tries not to conform to their expectations, at the end of the story both she and her brother end up acting exactly as a child of their age and gender would be expected to act: the preteen girl crying with no apparent logical re ason, and the young boy excited to have been included with the men, and talking about the thrilling tale of slaying a horse. At the beginning of the story, the narrator and her brother are just â€Å"children,† but by the end of it the narrator is a â€Å"girl† and Laird is a â€Å"boy†; they have become very d... ...le older and a chance to show off her bravery emerges in the form of Flora making her escape, she doesn’t even consider playing the part of the hero, she simply follows her father’s orders, and even that she goes back on when she leaves the gate open. She doesn’t daydream of action and excitement anymore; she instead imagines herself in a love story. Throughout the story, the different roles and expectations placed on men and women are given the spotlight, and the coming-of-age of two children is depicted in a way that can be related to by many women looking back on their own childhood. The narrator leaves behind her title of â€Å"child† and begins to take on a new role as a young, adolescent woman. Works Cited Munro, Alice. â€Å"Boys and Girls.† Introduction to Literature. Ed. Isobel M. Findlay et al. 5th ed. Canada: Nelson Education, 2004. 491-502. Print.

Educational Psychology Essay

Explain the Vygotskian notion of the zone of proximal development. Evaluate the efficacy of approaches to teaching and learning [eg. reciprocal teaching, cognitive apprenticeships, and communities of learners] which incorporate this notion. Many theorists throughout the century have developed concepts that have analysed and explained how a child learns during their schooling years. Educational theorist Lev Vygotsky produced the social development theory of learning. He believed social interaction is the primary cause of cognitive development. He named this the zone of proximal development. There are many approaches to learning in the zone of proximal development such as scaffolding, reciprocal teaching, cognitive apprenticeships and communities of learning, each with their own unique way of transporting the learner into an easier more motivated state of learning. Compared to Piaget’s theory of cognitive development where the child is seen to go through four stages of development; sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, and formal operations, Vygotsky believed that the cognitive developmental process should be analysed through social contexts. He believed that this was a lifelong process that was influenced by social interaction with family, teachers, and friends in the cultural community surrounding the student. He emphasised the instruments that specific cultures provide to maintain thinking, and the idea that children use the instruments they’re given to build their own comprehension of the physical and natural world. He named this the Zone of Proximal Development. Vygotsky defines this as â€Å"the distance between the actual development level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers† (Vygotsky, 1978, cited from McInerney and McInerney, 2006,part 1,ch 2,p58). During this time cognitive development takes place. Throughout this development the child is said to go through four stages of growth (Gallimore and Tharp, 1990): 1. Assistance: in their routine from other more capable peers, parents, and teachers. 2. Growing independence: from their more capable peers as they begin to build their own ideas by using self directed speech and assume responsibility for their learning. 3. Automation of response: they develop, make the movement of idea automatic and internalise their thinking. Assistance from others is not needed. 4. De-automatisation and recursion: constant practice of routine is necessary so as not to lose the knowledge and re-enter the zone of proximal development. Sometimes there is always a movement between in and out of the zone of proximal development. Vygotskian principles are evident in everyday teaching practices and are maintained by parents, peers and teachers who believe that using a social constructivist perspective for education will give their child or students the opportunity to grow within themselves through the help of others from different levels of knowledge. Vygotsky believed that the role of the teacher using the zone of proximal development for learning is to find an appropriate stage of complexity for the learner to handle. This is called assisted learning. Teachers provide â€Å"strategic help in the initial stages of learning, gradually diminishing as students gain independence† (Woolfolk, 2001, p49). The teacher must simplify tasks so that they are manageable for the student to deal with. This guidance or help is called scaffolding. It is the support for learning and problem solving. The support could be clues, reminders, encouragement, breaking down the problem into steps, providing and example, or anything else that allows the student to grow as an independent learner. They provide students with the opportunities to further extend their current skills and knowledge. For example, think about a mathematics problem. Assume that the learner has made good progress and the time has come to learn how to do a Pythagoras theorem question. We know that the leaner cannot complete the task independently but has enough knowledge to master the problem with the help from a mathematics teacher. The learner is in the zone of proximal development and will be able to benefit from the scaffolding, in the form of explaining, demonstrating and guiding by the teacher. While doing this, teachers look for discrepancies between student’s effort and the solution they come up with. They are looking to control the frustration and risk that the student encounters. Also they model an idealised version of the act of learning so the learner can use it to help them solve their educational problems (Hausfather, 1996). The key to getting students to help themselves learn independently is not to make the students reinvent information or rediscover it themselves. The teacher must make the information available for the learner to examine and work out their own ideas and solutions whilst allowing them to be open to advice from people who are more informed on the subject. So although scaffolding is an extremely helpful tool for teachers to use in their teaching and their student’s learning, they must make sure that the child is educated in the right approach so as not to deter the child from making advances on their own educational capabilities. Cognitive apprenticeships have proved very useful over the centuries as an effective form of education. The bond that is formed between master and apprentice is both personal and motivating. By working alongside more experienced people, young people are able to learn the tricks of the trade first hand. There is a creation of dialogue between student and teachers that goes beyond answering questions and engages in the discourse more informally (Driscoll, 1994). Communication is important between master and apprentice and the teacher must learn to properly use proxemics, paralanguage, and kinesics right for the outcomes to be reached. The performances required of the learner are real and important and grow more complex as the learner becomes more competent (Collins, Brown, & Holum, 1991). Some academics believe that knowledge and skills learned in school have become separated from the everyday world. To compensate for this, many schools have adopted many of the features of apprenticeships. Apprenticeships in schools would focus on cognitive objectives such as reading, writing, problem solving and mathematical problems. There are six main features of cognitive apprenticeships: 1. Students observe an expert model the performance 2. Students get external support through coaching or tutoring 3. Students receive conceptual scaffolding, which is then gradually faded as the student becomes more competent and proficient 4. Students continually articulate their knowledge – putting into words their understanding of the processes and content being learned. 5. Students reflect on their progress, comparing their problem solving to an expert’s performance and to their own earlier performances 6. Students are required to explore new ways to apply what they are learning – ways that they have not practiced at the master’s side. (Woolfolk, 2001) In the classroom there is normally one teacher to 30 or so students, so where is there time for cognitive apprenticeships? Often there are students on the class that are at a much higher level of capabilities than other less capable students. Teachers put these students into groups where they can learn at a comfortable rate whilst have been immersed in a master and apprentice style learning environment. An example of a cognitive apprenticeship is the notion of reciprocal teaching. This is a method based on modelling, to teach reading comprehension strategies. The goal of reciprocal teaching is to help students understand and think deeply about what they read (Palincsar, 1986). Palincsar’s research has focused attention on strategies that improve reading comprehension. In Brown and Palincsar’s 1989 case study students and teachers took it in turns to lead small group discussions on an important issue. They were shown 4 reading strategies and the students began to teach themselves. This type of educational style showed significant gains over other instructional strategies as they did not allow students to gradually teach themselves. Research on reciprocal teaching has shown some remarkable results. Most research was carried out with students who were younger adolescents who can read fairly accurately so therefore the research doe not have results and data from students who are in a different age group and who are not very capable in reading comprehension skills. So the overall research is not very reliable, however of the students that was involved their reading abilities improved. Those who were in the lower bottom half of their class moved up to average or above average level on tests of reading comprehension. Palincsar has recognized there are three guiding principles for effective reciprocal teaching (Palincsar & Brown, 1984). 1. The shift from teacher control to student responsibility must be gradual. 2. The difficulty of the task and the responsibility must match the abilities of each student and grow as these abilities develop. 3. Teachers should carefully observe the â€Å"teaching† of each student for clues about how the student is thinking and what kinds of instruction the student needs. By considering reciprocal teaching, instructional approaches are used to emphasise social interaction between student’s active constructions of meaning. In a community of learners, students and teachers together construct a culture that values the strengths of all participants and respects their interests, abilities, languages, and dialects. Students and teachers shift among the roles of expert, researcher, learner, and teacher, supporting themselves and each other. There are different ways to help create a community of learners. Collaboration is a technique that teachers and student can use to enrich their solutions to harder and complex problems. Students may work with small groups in the classroom, between small groups creating difference of opinions and with others on a larger scale. One of the advantages of having students work in groups solving problems is that they will be called on to explain their proposed solutions to one another (Woolfolk, 2001). Putting solutions into words usually improves problem solving. Collaboration provides shared responsibility, enhanced communication, new questions, new answers, engaged learners and enthused teachers. Research suggests that computer technology is a cultural tool that mediates and internalises the students learning. Changing their learning contexts with different technology is a powerful learning activity (Crawford, 1996). With children learning more about computers at an earlier age they are able to interact with others that are not on the same level of ability as them, thus creating a technological community of learners. Teaching students in the modern era can guarantee a more exciting and unpredictable learning experience sort out by many in society. Vygotsky perspectives uphold many beliefs about how students learn. The zone of proximal development was and still is challenging modern thinking about effective teaching and learning in philosophical ways. By examining Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development teachers are able to recognise that students of similar ages will be experiencing similar concerns and interests but there will be differences for each individual. Each student is different. Different from adults, different from each other and as such teachers have to provide for these individual differences in each area of learning. The learning process is very active. Vygotsky emphasises the need for experience and social interaction and that they play a key role in development. The development of a student is an important factor in deciding on the subject matter to be taught, the resources and knowledge experiences to present, the teaching strategies to be used and the procedures for evaluating learning. In order to appreciate, transmit, correspond and cooperate with students, teachers and peers must know how they think feel and act at different ages. They must learn to use the zone of proximal development to help their students determine their own opinions and ideas on life itself in the classroom and in the home community. From assisted learning and the scaffolding style of teaching, to cognitive apprenticeships and a full community of learners, students are able to mature their knowledge levels through the zone of cognitive development so as to become a stronger and more inquisitive student during their educational years of schooling.

Analysis Of The Article The Us Constitution - 1347 Words

On June 17th 2015, in Charleston S.C., where the roads are named after confederate generals, 21 year old Dylann Roof wore a Rhodesian badge, as he shot nine african americans in the Emanuel Church in hope of â€Å"igniting a civil war†. (Jessica Glenza; The guardian) Previously that year Roof, had been arrested and banned from a public mall, in march for a drug charge and in April for trespassing. In his case file it states that he was found in possession of narcotics to treat his drug addiction. It was also noted that he had an obsessive-compulsive disorder. However, despite these factors, Roof was still able to personally purchase the gun from a retail gun store in charleston because of lapses in the FBI background check system, (Ellen†¦show more content†¦The United States has always a gun and hunting culture starting from the birth of the country itself. The men who fought in the war of independence were citizens who owned their own muskets. However the issue of g un control can be traced back to the Civil War, as new African-American citizens needed to protect themselves from their previous owners in the south that would often hunt them down. The problematic of gun control have changed greatly due to the evolution of times. From the late twentieth century until today, gun control has been highly debated because of recurrent mass shootings, such as Columbine, such as Sandy Hook, such as Virginia Tech, such as San Bernardino, and such as Roseburg - just to name a few. Many have pleaded for thorough background checks to prevent convicts or the mentally handicapped from owning guns, while others argue that US citizens should follow in the steps of advanced European countries and no longer possess these lethal weapons. Others who are often leaning to the right argue that this a fundamental right that defines americanism and shapes American pride and historic culture. However recurrent mass shootings are nothing to be proud of. The second amendment of the Constitution guarantees the right of every American to bear arms. Therefore many supporters of gun ownership have been using this right to

Self Reflection Part Two Perseverance - 1498 Words

SELF REFLECTION PART TWO PERSEVERANCE I made the decision to return to college twenty years later, wanting to become more employable. My husband coaxed me into pursue a bachelor’s degree. Sitting in college courses with people the same age as my oldest child was awkward. It is much harder to socialize as an older student with events my priorities are different. After a few quarters I was able to make a few connections and get into the pace. I’ve persevered through the last four years to be able to graduate, overcoming illness (that had me hospitalized and had long-term recovery), financial burdens, and the juggling of school, family and home. I am most proud that, I’ve worked 20 to 30 hours a week, gone to school full-time, and finished a degree in four years. SELF-REGULATION As a student with a learning disability, I have had to learn how to regulate myself to succeed in a college environment. Much of my strategy has been in learning to set SMART (Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Reliable, Timely) goals. I usually do this the first week of the court unless I have the advantage of obtaining a class syllabus prior to the quarter. Then I will map out each courses assignments, tests, and learning objectives, and preferences (An example: if a teacher has a certain font, font size, and/or spacing). Next, I will set a schedule in excel for each assignment start and when it is due, this keeps me on track and gives me insight into what is ahead. It also allows me to monitorShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Leisure Activities On Leisure Pursuits1709 Words   |  7 Pagespursuits. A wide and diverse range of studies or serious leisure have been conducted over the past three decades with sports being one of the most popular activities in the domain of serious leisure . 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Next, Adair uses reflection of feelings, but this time shaped

Essay on Benefits of Stem Cell Research - 2506 Words

Take a minute to imagine a world where some of the diseases once thought to be life threatening or altering could be cured. Diseases including lupus, Lou Gehrig’s disease, arthritis and countless others could very well be treatable. Many would consider a treatment like this to be considered a miracle, but miracle treatment is this, which can help numerous people with their pain and help alter the dismal quality of life that countless others are facing but, yet is denounced as an act against God? Now what if I told you that this life altering biomedical research wasn’t getting done, instead it’s being deliberated, tarnished and thrown to the way side by American politics and scorned in the court of public opinion due to a misinterpretation.†¦show more content†¦Numerous people will argue their points without complete knowledge of the topic at hand basing their argument off of second hand accounts of others be it the media or friends and family. Never stop ping for a moment to do research on their own never asking themselves, what exactly are stem cells? â€Å"Stem cells are a unique group of unspecialized type of cell found in embryos, and some adult body tissues that has the potential to develop into specialized cells or divide into other stem cells. These cells are most commonly derived from blastocyst which is achieved through in vitro fertilization, which is fertilization outside of the womb. Blastocysts are the beginning of an embryo only a few days old, and are hollow balls of upwards of one hundred cells, and these cells will eventually divide into the two hundred and twenty types of cells in your body currently.† (What are Stem Cells?) 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However, Stem cell stage of embryo is not considered as human because it does not have any nerve system or any other organs. â€Å"Should Stem cell research continue?† to answer this question, Stem Cell Research should be continued because a new method of Collecting embryonicRead More The Benefits of Stem Cell Research Essay823 Words   |  4 PagesThe Benefits of Stem Cell Research Stem cells are considered â€Å"master cells† with the ability to divide for indefinite periods in cultures and can be manipulated and transformed into any type of cell in the body. The most common use would be the generation of cells and tissues that could be used to either create organs or tissues to be used in transplantation and to treat many diseases and disabilities. 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A question arises as to how governments Free Essays

Employment is important for every individual. Employment is a source of income whether it is a private job or a government job. Depending on education, experience and caliber, individuals are offered jobs in specific cadres. We will write a custom essay sample on A question arises as to how governments or any similar topic only for you Order Now Every job carries certain responsibilities whether it is a labor job, clerical job or a senior management job. There are certain management principles that are required to be practiced   for every employee at every level of job functioning. Government and businesses cannot function without people and in fact efficient employees are the greatest asset for organizations to grow towards profit and development. A question arises as to how governments have a role to play in private sector. The answer to this question is, in order to bring transparency in private sector businesses, there are certain legal enactments i.e. Employment relations Act 2004, Companies Act, Corporate Insolvency Law and many other legal rules for every purpose of public or private sector.   These enactments contain rules and regulations which can be referred whenever there is a requirement for fulfilling a provision. For instance Employment Relations Act 2004 states about employee and employer relations and how these have to be maintained which is required to be followed by both private sector and public sector, which reduces a number of conflicts and disputes that could occur without these legal rules. The relation of employee and employer is slightly a difficult task to manage with, and at one point of time, appears much easier depending on the situation.   However, every employee and employer have to be careful with the jobs being held with in respective organizations. There are many human resource management books which detail and discuss about employee and employer relations within office environment as well with office related aspects of management. Management of relation involves both personal manners as well treating others with respect. In management, there are also barriers of culture, origin of a person and much in respect of working environment. Especially in industrial sector, where there are quite a number of workers and who carry grievances or demands in paying high salaries, asking for more number of leisure hours or bonus payments etc., The skill and efficiency of management is evident in handling trade unions of industries. Trade unions are very tough to deal with and when the demands of union are not met with, closure of factories, stopping production or working on strike, or slow production and such other activities are undertaken. Therefore, management of industries have to be extremely careful with industrial workers. Governments in order to assist industries have enacted Employment Relations Act 2004. This Act specially deals with labor laws and trade union rights.  Ã‚   UK government also introduced Employment Bill 2007 – 2008 which covers all aspects of employment law. This would further improve the effectiveness of employment law which would benefit employers, trade unions, individuals and public sector.   It also protects workers and encourages law-abiding businesses. Dispute resolutions is one area which is always required in workplaces.   In this regard, the Bill details about statutory procedures and related provisions about dismissal cases.   Apart from the above, the Bill clarifies about National Minimum Wage and which imposes penalties on non-compliance methods in respects of payment of salaries, calculation of arrears and also strengthens employment agencies. How to cite A question arises as to how governments, Papers

Clovis Essay Research Paper According to Gregory free essay sample

Clovis Essay, Research Paper Harmonizing to Gregory of Tours there should be no other faith besides Christianity. Gregory being a devout Christian, wants to transfuse his beliefs upon everyone else, particularly the misbelievers, viz. the evil religious order Arianism. Gregory besides believes, by taking his God, no immorality can be done, because even if a individual is a evildoer, God will excuse the individual and their wickednesss. Gregory particularly loved the Franks. He viewed them non as destroyers, but as Jesuss of Christian Gaul. For they had become straight converted to Catholicism without of all time go throughing through an Arian phase. They accepted the Catholic hierarchy and Gregory was pleased. Gregory of Tours believed merely in the Catholic church, and felt others should believe in his religion because, the terminal of the universe was coming shortly. He believed that God, as stated in the Bible, would salvage the Christians who believed in him and outcast all the non trusters. We will write a custom essay sample on Clovis Essay Research Paper According to Gregory or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He confessed to merely on Godhead for he saw the Father, Son and holy Ghost as one, combined into the Trinity, unlike the Arians. Gregory views the Arians as misbelievers, he feels they are people who are against Church and the Christians ; like Clovis, for he was one time a truster of Paganism. Clovis was a adult male who believed in Pagan worship, although he had a sister and married woman who were devout Christians. Before Clovis became converted to Christianity, he would frequently clock destroy churches. He believed in his Pagan devotions and hence, he would steal from the churches, taking their most prized ownerships, like an pitcher. Clovis married woman would frequently clock seek to convert him that his Pagan Gods could non fit up to her God, the Christian God and would seek to do him change over to her religion. But he did non change over for some clip. Clotild had bore two kids whom both died shortly after being baptized by the Catholic church. Clovis believed it was because of her religion that his boies had died. He believed if they were to have the Pagan beliefs in which he believed under his Gods the out semen would hold been different. It was non until Clovis was faced with a conflict ( Tolbiac ) that he realized he would necessitate aid and his Supreme beings were non abl vitamin E to make their occupation. During this conflict Clovis work forces were being annihilated. When detecting he was being easy defeated he raised his eyes to heaven and asked Jesus Christ, whom his married woman had believed in, to assist him to get the better of the other ground forces ; and if he won he would be baptized in his name ( 143 ) . He genuinely did non believe until after he had won the conflict. Although, Gregory of Tours saw this as an opportune clip, what Clovis did was in fact swap with a godly power. Upon winning the conflict of Tolbiac Clovis did what he had promised and he converted to Christianity, turning off all of his Pagan devotions. When Clovis converted, he did non experience that he was traveling to be able to do his followings give up their religion and follow in his transition. When in fact more than three 1000 of his work forces converted after he had converted. Clovis appeared as a new Constantine. And like Constantine, one time Clovis converted he was able to Christianize his work forces and convey in a batch of new followings. Although there were work forces who would non change over to Christianity, Clovis alternatively of being on their sides, would now run them down and oppress them. After his transition, when he would contend in churches he would no longer destruct the church, he and his work forces would besides non take any of the loot. He did this because he was himself as a master because God was on his side ( 153 ) . He now felt that by holding God on his side was more than plenty. Besides, he would non steal the sacred ownerships in the churches because holding God as a award was worth more than any of the ownerships that he could steal. Clovis transition to Christianity was an of import determination for himself, for his province, and for the followings of Christianity before he converted, for they were no longer persecuted. By Clovis converting, the church became more powerful and affluent. New churches were being erected which in bend brought in more followings and more money. His determination was looked upon non merely by his married woman, but besides the Christian community as a great thing, particularly to Gregory of Tours. He was able to turn a heathen society into a Christian society. Besides, in subsequently times the people of Gaul would see the belief in one religion merely, Christianity.